tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27355092122611319492024-02-21T07:05:19.460-08:00White Ocean of Ice - by Bruce Luyendykbruceluyendyk.blogspot is a blog on a memoir of a geology expedition to Antarctica and insights on Antarctic science, events in Antarctica, the Polar Regions, climate science. White Ocean of Ice: Secrets of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, is Bruce Luyendyk's memoir in progress.Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-35371635637781077762018-12-10T15:56:00.000-08:002018-12-10T15:56:37.214-08:00Antarctica discovered contributing to sea-level rise—still!<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dinner in snow kitchen. McMurdo Station, 2010</td></tr>
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">Sea-level rise (SLR) is a stealthy impact of global warming, showing up unwelcome as storms have hit the coastlines of the globe. There's more to come. </span></h2>
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I’ve often blogged on how Antarctica influences sea level rise and the uncertainties about how much (<a href="https://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2017/11/melting-antarctic-ice-swamps-california.html" target="_blank">11/5/2017</a>; <a href="https://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2017/01/" target="_blank">1/8/2017</a>).<o:p></o:p></div>
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In a recent letter to the international journal <i>Nature, </i>Slater and Shepherd (1) have drawn attention to new data on ice mass loss from Antarctica detected by satellite measurements over the ten-year period 2007-2017. Converting ice mass to SLR they observed that the rate of Antarctica’s contribution to SLR has increased 40% in the past few years—it’s accelerating. <o:p></o:p></div>
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They compared the SLR contribution for Antarctica they computed against the projected SLR that the <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/" target="_blank">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) issued in its last report in 2013 (AR5; 2). What they note is that the SLR they measured follows the AR5 predicted curve for the business-as-usual, worst-case circumstance. This is when no real effort is made by nations to curb greenhouse gas emissions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The unsettling conclusion is that the worst-case predicted curve computed five years ago is now matched by observations. The AR5 report projects a worst-case 980 millimeters (38 inches) of SLR by the year 2100. Of this Antarctica is on track to contribute 151 millimeters (6 inches). <o:p></o:p></div>
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Slater and Shepherd note that as little as 10 centimeters (100 millimeters; 4 inches) of storm surge results in floods in many coastal locations. We’ve all seen this on the news. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Taken in total, over 3 feet of SLR predicted for the world will result in coastal retreat of beaches, cliffs, buildings, towns, and infrastructure. It could be even worse. The prediction curves do not account for catastrophic events like Antarctic ice cliff collapse that I’ve covered in previous blog entries listed above. That could result in doubling SLR to 6 feet by 2100. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Santa Barbara, my city, is preparing for a century of SLR with the adaptation and mitigation that this will require (<a href="https://www.independent.com/news/2018/nov/28/when-will-sea-level-rise-swallow-santa-barbaras-be/" target="_blank">When-will-sea-level-rise-swallow-Santa-Barbara?</a>).<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. Antarctic ice losses tracking high; <i>Nature Climate Change</i>, | VOL 8 | DECEMBER 2018 | 1024–1026.<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Church, J. A. et al. in <i>Climate Change 2013: e Physical Science Basis </i>(eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) Ch. 13 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013). <o:p></o:p></div>
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Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-2141923866403397802018-05-21T12:01:00.000-07:002018-05-21T12:01:16.776-07:00Penguins everywhere! Antarctic populations increasing<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Adelie penguins crossing in front of the research icebreaker N.B. Palmer.<br /> Photo © John Diebold.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">To prove that Antarctica still keeps many secrets and is full of surprises, an enormous penguin colony has been discovered by satellite imagery combined with ground and aerial drone surveys. </span></h2>
Writing in <i>Scientific Reports</i>,<sup>1 </sup>Borowicz et al. detected a previously unknown colony of more than 750,000 Adélie penguin-mating pairs on the Danger Islands. That island group is located in a rarely visited area near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula across from South America. The Danger Islands are on the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula. Colonies on the western side have suffered a decrease in population over the past few decades. These decreases have been attributed to climate change. Historical aerial photos of the Danger Islands show that the population there has been stable over the years. The discovery of a robust population on the eastern side of the peninsula minimizes the overall impact of global warming on the population in the peninsula region.<br />
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Asking the larger question, how have the numbers of Adélie penguins fared over recent decades, Lynch and LaRue<sup>2 </sup>reported another surprising result in 2014. They conducted a census of Adélie populations across all of Antarctica and found a greater than 50% increase in the population of mating pairs since the last estimates in 1993. Part of the increase was due to using improved satellite imagery and other survey methods. They found a total population of almost 3.8 million mating pairs. Borowicz et al. note that the Lynch and LaRue census missed much of the giant colony they found on the Danger Islands, so the number of mating pairs is likely even larger. Looking closer, Lynch and LaRue also found that populations decreased on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula but that decrease was offset by a substantial increase in mating pairs on East Antarctica. They attribute these patterns to climate change. For one, Adélies depend on krill associated with sea ice. Sea ice has decreased off western Antarctic Peninsula due to warming temperature there but has increased in the Ross Sea and in East Antarctica, thus supporting population growth. I discussed the connections between sea ice and climate change in a blog <a href="https://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/08/antarctic-sea-ice-cover-is-increasing.html" target="_blank">in 2014</a>. For another reason, climate change has caused coastal ice retreat in many regions around the continent. In East Antarctica, this has created ice-free ground for new colonies to be established and for existing colonies to expand. They propose eleven new colonies in their census. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Penguins inspecting human, Sulzberger Bay, Marie Byrd Land.<br />Photo © B. Luyendyk</td></tr>
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These studies are good news. Who doesn’t love penguins? I’ve encountered a few, from a legal distance, in my Antarctic visits. One memorable encounter occurred from an icebreaker off Cape Adare where a very large colony was established on a cliff face hundreds of feet tall. The black basalt rock was stained pink – penguin guano, pink from digesting krill, their main food. Even from a mile or so offshore, the stench was overwhelming!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1 <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Borowicz, A., McDowall, P., Youngflesh, C., Sayre-McCord, T., Clucas, G., Herman, R., Forrest, S., Rider, M., Schwaller, M., Hart, T. and Jenouvrier, S., 2018. Multi-modal survey of Adélie penguin mega-colonies reveals the Danger Islands as a seabird hotspot. </span><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Scientific reports</span></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">, </span><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">8</span></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(1), p.3926.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">2 <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Lynch, H.J. and LaRue, M.A., 2014. First global census of the Adélie Penguin. </span><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The Auk</span></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">, </span><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">131</span></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(4), pp.457-466.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-63612817101257495552018-03-11T16:14:00.000-07:002018-03-11T16:45:14.284-07:00On the Billboard, MBL, West Antarctica<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Billboard, Sarnoff Mts., Marie Byrd Land. <br />
Photo B. Luyendyk, <span style="font-family: "new york" , serif;">© </span>Amer. Geophys. Union. </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">From a distance, we saw the tall face of the buff-colored granite tower known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billboard" target="_blank">The Billboard</a> illuminated by a low Antarctic sun.</span> </h2>
It cast a deep blue shadow on the ice surface behind it and stood out abruptly from the ice plain along with its brother peaks. They marked the last visual evidence of solid ground at the edge of the vast West Antarctic Ice sheet that continued to infinity beyond them to the east. Our helicopter slowly circled the plateau that marked the top of this monolith; we approached for a landing and the helo gently shuddered and sounded its loud clop-clop-clop as the pilot slowed the craft and prepared to land. The plateau was bare of snow except for a small patch he selected to rest on. We settled down with a rocking motion. The jet engine whined as it came to a stop. Suddenly it was silent, as we were. Before us lay a panorama not seen but by only a handful of humans. Certainly, no one had been to the top of this rock before.<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I stepped out and my boots squeaked in the snow. There was no other sound and no wind. The air was clean and sharp in my nostrils. Above us was the sky without a cloud. I left K.L. and Colin behind and cautiously made my way to the cliff at the plateau edge 100 yards distant. Here I saw the drop was vertical and froze; my altimeter showed the plateau was 2300 feet above the ice plain directly below. I stepped back.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Behind me K.L. was setting up his camera; still, no one had spoken. I could hear my breathing as I took account of the remarkable place where I found myself. I surveyed 360 degrees of the horizon and I found my thoughts blocked and my head swelling with fullness. Nowhere else on Earth can a human experience such isolation and pure beauty. I didn't know what protocol to follow to demonstrate the effect this event was having on me. Far to the north another range appeared, jet black and confusing my eyes against the white snow and ice.</div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bGxI1lmaMx2I9zMBYng6e-6oxpiRyOpoVAsdl6MvTDUeOc4B86-d-1_U7Uf73d2EfkOi8HFR7BCISuWvvD_EX1pjGfMxnQ2hpoEUGwAnIbp3zDe4NL2af8i99Hic3eo6IrS8c8p9Dp0/s1600/GNVX_BPL_Billboard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1065" data-original-width="1600" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bGxI1lmaMx2I9zMBYng6e-6oxpiRyOpoVAsdl6MvTDUeOc4B86-d-1_U7Uf73d2EfkOi8HFR7BCISuWvvD_EX1pjGfMxnQ2hpoEUGwAnIbp3zDe4NL2af8i99Hic3eo6IrS8c8p9Dp0/s320/GNVX_BPL_Billboard.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Luyendyk on Billboard, January 8, 1993. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo </span><span style="font-family: "new york" , serif;">© Kuno Lecha</span><br />
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</span>The sun's disk was low over the horizon because it was near midnight. Beneath it, the blue-white ice changed to a gold and silver path leading towards me. The sky glowed orange and pink around the sun as I faced it while behind me was a deep indigo. Between me and the horizon, tens of miles away lay an undulating expanse of white and blue. A few scattered hills and peaks interrupted the enormity of the snow surface. I gazed for a few minutes and imagined that the undulations were moving, that the peaks were islands, and that we had found ourselves inside a white ocean.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-15158051947164883972017-11-05T16:01:00.000-08:002018-02-01T15:26:57.843-08:00Melting Antarctic Ice Targets California<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVT6QeKXrQyS6PeLrIs_p7Fa-DSLuxtSBWJyid0gf029Xv89Wou8ElUJIm3sdgMIonnbarTpZGDeLQNsq4mXAjbQVyOTUOu7KMgKxqRtdgNaD3yf1J8vWUMjKU4hiZmGQK_TA6-a_ZkvM/s1600/Mt+Minto+NVL+Dec+2010.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Antartic ice melt threatens California: White Oceanof Ice " border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVT6QeKXrQyS6PeLrIs_p7Fa-DSLuxtSBWJyid0gf029Xv89Wou8ElUJIm3sdgMIonnbarTpZGDeLQNsq4mXAjbQVyOTUOu7KMgKxqRtdgNaD3yf1J8vWUMjKU4hiZmGQK_TA6-a_ZkvM/s320/Mt+Minto+NVL+Dec+2010.JPG" title="Aerial view of Mount Minot, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica " width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mount Minot, Northern Victoria Land. Photo<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"> © </span> B. Luyendyk</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Global sea-level has been creeping upward over the past decades, now at a rate of about 3 mm/ <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
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<![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: inherit;">year (1)</span>. This is largely due to warming of the world ocean (thermal expansion) and melting of ice now sitting on land. What about the future and what about California and sea-level rise? </span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Let’s do a thought experiment. Imagine you filled your bathtub at home with a generous amount of water, and you slide a block of ice into it. The water level goes up of course, and to the same level all around the tub. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Now take that thought experiment to the globe; add ice from West Antarctica, say 2 million gigato<span style="background-color: white;">ns to the world ocean (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" target="_blank">West Antarctic Ice Sheet</a>; <span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>WAIS</b>; assuming 917 kilograms per cubic meter of ice). </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The average ris</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">e in sea level would be around 14 feet (4.3 meters ref. 2).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The concern now is not the entire WAIS suddenly melting away but ice in the Amundsen Sea Embayment rapidly discharging into the sea in this century. This drainage, which includes the <u><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Island_Glacier" target="_blank">Pine Island Glacier</a></u><span style="background-color: white;"> <a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2017/10/why-we-care-about-antarcticas-pine.html" target="_blank">(blog 10/6/17</a>) and </span>massive <u><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thwaites_Glacier" target="_blank">Thwaites Glacier</a></u>, can contribute 4 feet of sea-level rise in a matter o<span style="font-family: inherit;">f decades (3). This</span> is worrying.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">But surprise! Sea-level won’t go up 4 feet everywhere. Sea-level isn’t level, it’s lumpy. Some places around the world it will rise more and some less. California is one of the places it will rise more. Why is this so?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The lumps and bumps in sea-level are affected by Earth’s rotation, ocean currents, and the distribution of mass on Earth’s surface and in its mantle. The massive amount of ice sitting atop Greenland and Antarctica draw sea-level upward due to gravitational attraction. Decrease that mass by melting and there is a counter-intuitive result; sea-level drops around Greenland and Antarctica. Where does that water go? It moves to lower latitudes. In fact, sea-level along the coast of California will rise 125% of the global average from melting of the West Antarctic Ice<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Sheet (4).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Of course, there’s another “but”. The paragraphs above talk about how global sea-level rise will vary from place to place, but we want to know how much it will rise where we live. Still more factors come into play to figure out changes in local sea level. This is the <span style="background-color: white;">quest of the <u><a href="http://www.opc.ca.gov/about/" target="_blank">California Ocean Protection Council (COPC)</a></u>, w</span>ho issued <span style="background-color: white;">a </span><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">report (5)</span></span></a></span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">th</span>is year seeking to answer that question. An obvious concern is whether a coastal location where you live is moving up or down on its own, regardless of sea-level rise. Effects that cause this vertical motion are tectonic uplift, particularly in northern California, sediment compaction along the coasts (sinking), and withdrawal of groundwater and/or hydrocarbons (also sinking). It’s the net effect of sea-level rise due to global scale effects and local effects just mentioned that determine the rate and amount of sea-level rise and its impact at any location.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Council’s report considered historical records at three tide gauges along the California coast. At Crescent City, local sea-level has been <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dropping</i> at around 0.8 mm/yr over 84 years, while global sea-level has been rising. Tectonic uplift predominates in northern California and is currently faster than sea-level rise. At San Francisco local sea-level has been rising at 1.84 mm/yr since 1855, and at San Diego, the average rate of rise is 2.13 mm/yr since 1906.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">These rates in California over the past decades are linear on average—a straight line. There’s another “but”; projecting sea level rise in the global warming world reveals rise rates that accelerate. In fact, that is seen in data for the last few decades (6). The job of the COPC is to predict amounts of rise for the California coast under several different global warming scenarios.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">They chose three different warming scenarios (greenhouse gas increases) as defined by the la<span style="background-color: white;">st <a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank">IPCC</a> report (ref. 7; </span><span style="background-color: white;">AR5). </span> Next, they used probability methods (8)<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span>to predict the chances of sea-level rise of a certain amount at these three places along the California coast. What did they find? The report gives the predictions at several levels of chance but I’ll present those for a 2-in-3 chance of a range of sea-level ris<span style="background-color: white;">e (<u>ref 5; </u>Table 1). </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">For starters, the COPC report states that the effects of climate change on sea-level start appearing in a dramatic way in mid-century. This is because the main effect of climate change on Antarctic ice melt now is a warming ocean but by mid-century, the main effect will be a warming atmosphere. That will drive faster melting. Here’s my distillation of Table 1 for the 2-in-3 chances (67%) and the IPCC mid-way warming estimate for th<span style="background-color: white;">e year 2100 (<u><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathways" target="_blank">RCP 4.3</a></u>).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Crescent City <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2030<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.0 – 0.3 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2050<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.2 – 0.7 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.3 – 2.7 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">San Francisco<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2030<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.3 – 0.5 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2050<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.6 – 1.1 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1.3 – 2.8 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">La Jolla<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2030<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.4 – 0.6 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2050<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">0.7 – 1.2 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1.3 – 2.8 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Added to these estimates of sea-level rise are the inevitable shorter-term events such as El Nino, storm surges, and King Tides.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Clearly, we need to pay attention and prepare. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The last “but” I want to introduce is the newly understood process of ice cliff collapse for Antarctic ice sheet retreat that I presented in m<span style="background-color: white;">y <a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2017/01/sea-level-rise-antarctica-doubles.html" target="_blank">1/8/17 blog</a>. </span>The COPC report also considers this as a possible sea-level rise impact on California. Not having enough data on this process to come up with a probability approach, the authors compute a model for sea level rise due to Antarctic ice sheet collapse without error limits. They call it the H++ model (9)<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span>based on research by DeConto and Pollard<span style="background-color: white;"> (10) a</span>nd is considered a mean estimate for the consequence of the collapse of parts of the WAIS in the near future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: inherit;">H++ scenario<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Crescent City<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2100 = 9.3 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2150 = 21 ft.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">San Francisco<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2100 = 10 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2150 = 22 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">La Jolla<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2100 = 10 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Year 2150 = 22 ft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Where are we with this? For certain, it’s West Antarctica’s future that is the most serious challenge for California. The sea-level rise projections from Table 1 are limited to several feet this century. We can engineer for this – at considerable effort and expense, but it can be done. Once again, I conclude that West Antarctic ice stabilit<span style="background-color: white;">y is the wild card <a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/05/antarctic-ice-sheets-fuse-has-been-lit.html" target="_blank">(blog 5/20/14)</a>. If it </span>comes to pass that the WAIS begins collapsing by midcentury, we will see it. Then our response will be migration, not engineering. I won’t be migrating; my grandchildren will. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">These projections are not based on fantasy and fake models. The geologic record not so long ago shows an analog for what we face. Geologic evidence from the Last Interglacial 125 thousand years ago, shows that with global temperatures similar to today sea-level was 20 to 30 feet highe<span style="font-family: inherit;">r <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">(6 to 9 meters; ref. 11)</span></span>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">We cannot wait for the small uncertainties in these estimates to vanish. It is prudent to act now by mitigating against greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the clear rise in sea-level that is rapid now but will only increase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">_________</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">1 J. A. Church et al., in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, P. M. Midgley, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">2 Fretwell P, Pritchard HD, Vaughan DG, Bamber JL, Barrand NE, Bell R, et al. Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica. Cryosph. 2013; 7:375–393.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">3 Mouginot J, Rignot E, Scheuchl B. Sustained increase in ice discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013. Geophys Res Lett. 2014; 41:1576–1584.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">4 Mitrovica JX, Gomez N, Morrow E, Hay C, Latychev K, Tamisiea ME. On the robustness of predictions of sea level fingerprints. Geophys J Int. 2011; 187:729–742.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">5 Griggs, G, Árvai, J, Cayan, D, DeConto, R, Fox, J, Fricker, HA, Kopp, RE, Tebaldi, C, Whiteman, EA (California Ocean Protection Council Science Advisory Team Working Group). Rising Seas in California: An Update on Sea-Level Rise Science. California Ocean Science Trust, April 2017.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">6 Hay C, Morrow ED, Kopp RE, Mitrovica JX. 2015. Probabilistic reanalysis of twentieth-century sea-level rise. Nature 517: 481-4).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">7 IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. Geneva, Switzerland. 2014.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">8 Kopp RE, Horton RM, Little CM, Mitrovica JX, Oppenheimer M, Rasmussen DJ, et al. Probabilistic 21st and 22nd-century sea-level projections at a global network of tide- gauge sites. Earth’s Future. 2014; 2:383–406)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">9 Sweet, W.V., R.E. Kopp, C.P. Weaver, J. Obeysekera, R.M. Horton, E.R. Thieler and CZ. Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States. 2017.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">10 DeConto RM, Pollard D. Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise. Nature. 2016; 531:591–597.)</span></div>
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Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-30707548062497989002017-10-06T15:35:00.000-07:002017-10-06T17:51:01.749-07:00Why we care about Antarctica’s Pine Island Glacier<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ9Vz2tN6_9XtHwMDqlri8CiOPKa9eC8GYMzetgceC2hZpUOi4HluUTXQKxYOhRQt1UnJC1cpxKBPvsPnF7WEE3xUMmJf-_a43J6hzg8HoiEpRxy-5PBwBlXXpKE3UvHQ7uiM2AOITP8k/s1600/imrs.php.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1208" data-original-width="1484" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ9Vz2tN6_9XtHwMDqlri8CiOPKa9eC8GYMzetgceC2hZpUOi4HluUTXQKxYOhRQt1UnJC1cpxKBPvsPnF7WEE3xUMmJf-_a43J6hzg8HoiEpRxy-5PBwBlXXpKE3UvHQ7uiM2AOITP8k/s320/imrs.php.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">Stef Lhermitte image published in Washington Post 9-25-17</span></td></tr>
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Where are the pines on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Island_Glacier" target="_blank">Pine Island Glacier</a> in West Antarctica? Of course, there aren’t any. The name comes from the US Navy ship Pine Island, which surveyed near this region during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Highjump" target="_blank">Operation High Jump</a> in 1946.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">What the Pine Island Glacier (PIG) does have is cracks in its seaward floating ice shelf. These cracks have become more frequently observed and have spawned large icebergs including one spotted in late September that amounts to one hundred square miles, dubbed B-44. Now, compared to the immense size of the Antarctic ice sheets, that's puny. Don’t think that’s the issue. Rather it’s the role these ice shelves play as a throttle to the discharge of ice from the continent, and therefore how they affect sea level.<br /><o:p> </o:p></span></h2>
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What’s the news about this? First some background. The PIG drains a significant portion of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" target="_blank">West Antarctic Ice Sheet</a>. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Island_Glacier" target="_blank">Wikipedia page</a> gives all the details, but the amount of ice staged to flow from the PIG drainage is enough to raise global sea level an average of over one meter (4 feet). I have blogged about this region previously <a href="https://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/05/antarctic-ice-sheets-fuse-has-been-lit.html" target="_blank">[May 20, 2014]</a>, reporting research that showed there are good reasons to believe the PIG system is nearly unstable or in fact unstable. What does stable/unstable mean? Simply, it means that the rate of discharge of ice from the glacial drainage equals the rate of input of ice and snow to the drainage area. Unstable means there is more rapid input than discharging output, or in the case we worry about, more rapid discharge than the input. That would mean rapid flow of ice off West Antarctica that will raise sea level.<o:p></o:p></div>
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One of the several means that control the discharge rate is the size of the floating ice shelves in front of the glacier. They serve to buttress the glacier and regulate the speed of advance, hence its discharge rate. What’s in fact happening is the PIG ice shelf front is retreating. One of the several means that control the discharge rate is the size of the floating ice shelves in front of the glacier. They serve to buttress the glacier and regulate the speed of advance, hence its discharge rate. What’s in fact happening is the PIG ice shelf front is retreating. Stef Lhermitte, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" target="_blank">Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands</a>, who noticed the latest calving or break-off in satellite images told the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/09/25/a-key-antarctic-glacier-just-lost-a-piece-of-ice-four-times-the-size-of-manhattan/?utm_term=.56767eaccc95" target="_blank">Washington Post</a>; “It’s the fifth large calving event since 2000. This one and 2015, they were much further inland than the previous ones. So there has been a retreat of the calving front, specifically between 2011 and 2015.” With the ice shelf retreating, we can expect an increase in discharge.</div>
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But what about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsen_Ice_Shelf" target="_blank">Larsen ice shelf</a> in the Antarctic Peninsula? That’s been breaking off also, and apparently at a high rate with bigger bergs. We’ve been reading about this over the past decade, most recently in <a href="https://phys.org/news/2017-08-larsen-c-iceberg-breakaway.html#nRlv" target="_blank">July 2017 when Larsen C broke apart.</a> Both ice shelves buttress the glaciers and ice sheets behind them but the Larsen blocks a small ice sheet on the Peninsula while the PIG throttles a significant portion, like ten percent, of the immense West Antarctic Ice Sheet.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Back in 2014, when I alerted followers to reports of the unstable condition of the PIG, it was acknowledged as a “looks like it” moment. Now, only three years later, it seems more certain that the drainage system of the PIG is in collapse. That’s bad news—a potential outcome worse than the damage we’ve seen for storm surges due to the monster hurricanes this summer (2017). Sea level rise is a permanent problem of our times. I hope some clever coastal engineers are on the job, figuring out how to face this challenge for the twenty-first century. But before they begin to build dikes and sea walls, it will be important to put a finer point on what to expect; sea level rise will differ from place to place. <a href="http://www.opc.ca.gov/2017/04/ocean-protection-council-science-advisory-team-working-group-releases-report-on-sea-level-rise-science/" target="_blank">The California Ocean Protection Council</a> recently published a good model for how to approach the science of sea level rise for that state. The April 2017 report for California is available from a link on their website.</div>
Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-58765974420130375262017-03-22T10:02:00.001-07:002017-03-23T16:57:32.520-07:00New discovered continent once was part of Antarctica<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRxIrdEaF5cWdl4iCIJv8eIhOcxIn6ZeSJkH0_Bqm80IKN6Uj3cISDV7w6L1uCKAAWtK9SdWPybbxPFxSvaHbTgjGc2kX_pdKM_XOfptP7udhjPOdaz0SVVyzH6MInjO1l8wX5uj4_3gs/s1600/Zeal_GSATG321A.1-f02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Zealandia the 8th continent lies mostly beneath the waves!" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRxIrdEaF5cWdl4iCIJv8eIhOcxIn6ZeSJkH0_Bqm80IKN6Uj3cISDV7w6L1uCKAAWtK9SdWPybbxPFxSvaHbTgjGc2kX_pdKM_XOfptP7udhjPOdaz0SVVyzH6MInjO1l8wX5uj4_3gs/s320/Zeal_GSATG321A.1-f02.jpg" title="Zealandia a name coined by Luyendyk" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">N. Mortimer; Geol. Soc. America</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">Twenty-two years ago, I published a study of the breakup of
the eastern parts of the Gondwana supercontinent <sup>1</sup>. My goal was to understand
how the New Zealand microcontinent (the term used at the time) was ripped away
and drifted north to more hospitable climes. The study was related to my research
in Marie Byrd Land, the region in West Antarctica from where New Zealand broke
away.</span></h2>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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My research recognized that along with New Zealand other continental
crust pieces once attached to Gondwana made the trip north. These included the
submerged continental fragments of the Campbell Plateau, Lord Howe Rise, and the
Chatham Rise along with other smaller fragments. They all were one mass within Gondwana.
Tectonic forces separated and distorted them as they drifted with the new ocean
floor created during the breakup process. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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I thought it made sense to name all these distributed pieces—that
once were one, a single name to recognize that fact. Zealand seemed to be a necessary
part of any name, and inspired by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, I coined the
name Zealandia in parallel with the name of his composition <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandia" target="_blank">Finlandia</a></i>. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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All seemed calm for about twenty years until a gorgeous book
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zealandia</i>,<sup>2</sup> was published.
Two New Zealand geologists expanded on my suggestion and put real depth into it,
chronicling the natural history of Zealandia including the country of New
Zealand since Gondwana breakup. But they made the startling claim that Zealandia was in fact
its own continent—a notion that was implicit in my study but I did not make explicit
because that was not my purpose. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Zealandia came to fame last month when <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">GSA Today</i> published a definitive argument by Nick Mortimer and colleagues
<sup>3</sup> that Zealandia is a continent—the eighth one, previously ignored, mainly
because 95% of it is out of sight beneath the waves. The 5% above sea level is
the nation of New Zealand. Does New Zealand then "own" Zealandia? The United Nations <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" target="_blank">Law of the Sea</a> offers guidance. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Why is it a continent? The authors argue because it meets
the geologic criteria, namely; (1) high elevation relative to regions floored
by oceanic crust; (2) a broad range of siliceous igneous, metamorphic, and
sedimentary rocks; (3) thicker crust and lower seismic velocity structure than
oceanic crustal regions; and (4) well-defined limits around a large enough area
to be considered a continent rather than a microcontinent or continental
fragment. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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How large is it? About the size of India, which is not a continent
but once was before its northward journey caused it to collide and join with Asia
between forty and thirty million years ago. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Publication of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">GSA
Today</i> article (online) started a global media frenzy. I was contacted and spoke
to reporters from around the world, and appeared on live TV news programs (see <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/zealandia-continent-new-zealand-australia-2017-2" target="_blank"><i>Business Insider</i></a>). For Mortimer,
he tells me it was overwhelming. Just imagine why this news was so shocking. A continent
was found that we didn’t know about. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The main problematic issue is that most of Zealandia is
below sea level. We don’t think of continents as under water—we think of
continents as places where people live. The reason much of it is below sea
level is because the breakup process thinned its crust. The continental crust
of Zealandia is thinner that other continents in comparison. However, the fact
that much of it remains below sea level for 95% of its territory is not a
limiting factor. Sea level goes up and down over time. For example, sea level
was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_sea_level" target="_blank">120-130 meters lower </a>about twenty-four thousand years ago.
The land area of Zealandia (now mostly the nation of New Zealand) would have
been much greater then. Consider a plug could be pulled and the oceans drained.
Zealandia would stand high like other continents if a bit lower. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The main insight from the “discovery” of Zealandia is that continents
are not defined by coastlines, that is current sea level. Rather they are defined
by geologic criteria that are independent of sea level. My recent blogs point
to the fact that <a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2017/01/sea-level-rise-antarctica-doubles.html" target="_blank">sea level is rising due to global warming</a>.
In a few hundred years, most of Florida will be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise#After_2100" target="_blank">below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean</a>. But Florida
will not be gone. It will still be Florida. It will still be part of the North American
continent but beneath the waves. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> </o:p> </div>
<div class="Reference">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Luyendyk, B.P. 1995. Hypothesis for Cretaceous Rifting of
East Gondwana caused by Subducted Slab Capture. Geology, v. 23, pp. 373-376.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Reference">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Mortimer, Nick, and Hamish Campbell. 2014. <i>Zealandia:
Our Continent Revealed</i>. Auckland, NZ: Penguin Group (NZ). 271 pp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Reference">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">3. Nick Mortimer and others. 2017. Zealandia: Earth’s Hidden
Continent. GSA TODAY. Volume 27 Issue 3. (March/April 2017). pp. 27–35.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-85342422359950139122017-01-08T14:49:00.001-08:002017-01-08T14:49:54.308-08:00Sea level rise: Antarctica doubles the trouble<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghWpg-CqMOxN37qnxdYQRN-u3rWSCHrc_lQfUNloeBG-ii7UP8j1U_506Q6IIsvi0GY4ba_tOAi6WLixsu0b9MrTRg0yaAT2hlCx7HlDfzSZBOyKDnGsU8Kaasnp5Mgo7kUz_2swU_xn4/s1600/On+the+trail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="On the trail in Marie Byrd Land." border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghWpg-CqMOxN37qnxdYQRN-u3rWSCHrc_lQfUNloeBG-ii7UP8j1U_506Q6IIsvi0GY4ba_tOAi6WLixsu0b9MrTRg0yaAT2hlCx7HlDfzSZBOyKDnGsU8Kaasnp5Mgo7kUz_2swU_xn4/s320/On+the+trail.jpg" title="Antarctic sea level contributions" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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On the trail in Marie Byrd Land. </div>
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Photo © Bruce Luyendyk </div>
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<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sea level has been rising for decades, now at an increasing rate. Mostly we don’t notice this except in superstorms and hurricanes, or if we have visited the same beach for decades and wonder why it looks different (<a href="http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/UCSBbeaches.html" target="_blank">less sand, and cliff retreat</a>)</span><span style="font-size: 12.800000190734863px;">. </span></span></h2>
<br />
If you're reading this, you aren’t someone who lives in a bubble. You know
that scientists predict even more sea level rise during the next few human generations
and beyond. If you live in Miami or New York or New Orleans or Orange County
(and elsewhere of course) you and your offspring will for sure deal with significant
sea level rise. Up to now, contributions to future sea level rise from Antarctic ice sheets this century is predicted to be small. New research shows this is not the case. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (<a href="http://ipcc.ch/" target="_blank">IPCC</a>) </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">is the go-to </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">institution</span>
where we can find best-estimates of what will likely happen to <a href="http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank">sea level</a> during
the 21<sup>st</sup> century. In earlier blogs I gave some of the IPCC predictions (<a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/05/antarctic-ice-sheets-fuse-has-been-lit.html" target="_blank">5/20/14</a>; <a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/06/antarctica-problem-child-of-future-sea.html" target="_blank">6/9/14</a>; <a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/09/antarctica-sea-level-and-santa-barbara.html" target="_blank">9/17/14</a>; <a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2015/09/what-is-happening-to-antarctic-ice.html" target="_blank">9/6/15</a>). I also repeated the statements by the IPCC in 2013 (
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank">AR5<sup>1</sup></a></span> ) that sea level rise models for the next century have not included the more dramatic
possibility of Antarctic Ice Sheet shrinkage and its contribution to sea level
rise. The reason given by the IPCC is that the process of how the ice sheet
might shrink was very murky – research was underway and not available to include
in the predictions.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: no;">A problem identified with
modeling the growth and shrinkage of Antarctic ice has been that models did accurately
reproduce the growth of the ice sheet but not the shrinkage of it. The exercise
is to construct a computer model that reproduces known geologic constraints on
the ice sheet history—when it was larger and when it was smaller. It proved
nearly impossible to model the shrinkage of the ice sheet. Specifically,
shrinkage of the vast East Antarctic Ice Sheet proved the most difficult. The
marine-based West Antarctic sheet proved easier—but most of Antarctica’s ice is
on the East. Cleary, this is what we want to know—shrinkage means sea level
goes up. What makes it shrink? How will the ice sheet shrink under the different
scenarios for global warming that the IPCC has told us to expect in this century?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: no;">In the past few months, climate
modelers at Penn State and University of Massachusetts, Amherst have added new physical
parameters to those that affect the melting rate of Antarctic ice, and this has
made the </span>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: inherit;">difference<sup>2</sup></span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">. The
new computer models published in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nature </i>can
reproduce both the growth and the shrinkage of the Antarctic Ice sheet that we
know happened in the geologic past. Now a model can be computed for what
Antarctic ice shrinkage will contribute to sea level rise this century. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The early models keyed on
removal of the floating ice shelves (<a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2015/09/what-is-happening-to-antarctic-ice.html" target="_blank">9/6/15</a>) by melting from underneath from a warming ocean. The new approach added two more impacts. First, melting of ice shelves from above by a warmer atmosphere. Second,
after disappearance (retreat) of ice shelves, the collapse of remaining exposed
ice cliffs over 80 meters high. The broken pieces fall into the sea as icebergs. This is a runaway process. As the ice breaks off in cliffs, the ice
sheet moves downhill to the continent edge. Taller cliffs get exposed and these
too break off, etc. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: no;">The researchers tested this idea against two
periods in the geologic past when data show the Antarctic sheets retreated. In
fact, during the last time the ice sheets shrank (130,000 – 116,000 years ago; smaller, but did not disappear) sea level was 6 to 9 meter higher than today, as reported in AR5. The researchers input atmospheric warming and ice sheet cliffing and reproduced
that observation and another further back in geologic time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: no;">These new ideas proved to be
the missing “dynamic processes” needed to model Antarctic Ice Sheet shrinkage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Armed with the new model
technique the researchers asked the important question: “what is the future?” They
ran three predictions starting back from 1950 and up to year 2100. Each prediction
assumed different warming scenarios selected by the IPPC, the RCP2.6, 4.5, and
8,5; —translation; no change to the current rate of increasing greenhouse gas emissions
(8.5), abrupt reduction of the rate (2.6) and somewhere in between (4.5). The
details are in the <i>Nature </i>publication but the important conclusion is:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">“When applied to future scenarios with high greenhouse
gas emissions, our palaeo-filtered model ensembles show the potential for
Antarctica to contribute >1 m of GMSL [global mean sea level] rise by the
end of this century, and >15 metres of GMSL rise in the next 500 years.” (R.
M. DeConto, D. Pollard, Nature 531, 591 (2016).)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: no;">Sounds like a lot and it
is—but wait, this is for Antarctica alone. The IPCC GMSL estimates don’t
include “dynamic” contributions for the continent ice shrinking. Dynamic means
processes like described above. The </span>IPCC <span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12pt;">AR5<sup>3</sup></span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;"> estimates that at the end of this century GMSL rise due to ocean
warming, mountain glacier melting, Greenland ice melting, ground water runoff
and more is in the range 0.26 to 0.82 m. </span><span style="mso-no-proof: no;">To these estimates
Antarctic ice loss contributions need to be added. Including Antarctica, GMSL is
then projected to rise up to 2 meters by 2100. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: no;">The 2013 IPCC report stated
that Antarctic ice would mostly maintain itself with a balance of shrinking in
the West and growing in the East. Now we must think about these dynamic models
that account for what is in the geologic record. If upheld, these new estimates
show that Antarctica will be the main contributor to sea level rise in the
lifetimes of our children and grandchildren—and the current estimates circulating
in the literature and media are too low by a factor of two.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate
Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A.
Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">2. R. M. DeConto, D. Pollard, Nature 531, 591 (2016)</span><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">3. IPCC: Table SPM-2, in: Summary
for Policymakers. IPCC AR5 WG1 2013, p. 21</span></div>
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Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-38815755731958331302016-11-26T11:22:00.001-08:002017-01-08T14:30:50.758-08:00ExxonMobil, the Rockefellers and Antarctic climate<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxcd8GWH64o3m_Y112eRK_z2dDuVnkUMsHAF20neltPjE4VbqU4ud_tY5IFPhOQCGVXoTiWTtdT2B31SJY_Owvv48fzjsR0JQ6Rec5hL2BZ4cbMD450fewMOjT1pxQXfVjEmiQ6a4AZfo/s1600/NearBitgood.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Now that we are getting a new U.S. president it’s worth asking how Trump sees the science of climate change. On the campaign trail, he called it a hoax. And he vowed to tear up the Paris Climate Agreement. He may be waffling a bit now – we’ll see, but the question I have is how did we get here? How did a man who will lead us and the world end up thinking so little if at all of climate science and climate change? It turns out he’s not the only one who got fooled. Here’s the story." border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxcd8GWH64o3m_Y112eRK_z2dDuVnkUMsHAF20neltPjE4VbqU4ud_tY5IFPhOQCGVXoTiWTtdT2B31SJY_Owvv48fzjsR0JQ6Rec5hL2BZ4cbMD450fewMOjT1pxQXfVjEmiQ6a4AZfo/s320/NearBitgood.png" title="Rockefeller family fund dumps ExxonMobil" width="200"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
FORCE team members at Mt. Bitgood.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Photo © Steve Tucker </div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Now that we are getting a new U.S. president it’s worth
asking how Trump sees the science of climate change. On the campaign trail, he
called it a hoax. And he vowed to tear up the Paris Climate Agreement. He may
be waffling a bit now – we’ll see, but the question I have is how did we get
here? How did a man who will lead us and the world end up thinking so little if
at all of climate science and climate change? It turns out he’s not the only
one who got fooled. Here’s the story.</span></span></h2>
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<br>
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New York Review of
Books</i> published an <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/12/08/the-rockefeller-family-fund-vs-exxon/" target="_blank">essay this week</a><sup>1</sup> (first of two parts) authored
by two members of the Rockefeller Family Fund (RFF). The essay charges that
ExxonMobil (Exxon) scientists knew about the rising threat of climate change
and warned senior management that the company needed to heed these warnings.
Instead ExxonMobil buried the findings under artificial argument, casting doubt
on the science behind the findings – by their own scientists.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The RFF commissioned a group at the Columbia University Graduate
School of Journalism to look into the public record of what Exxon knew and
when, and what they then did. The Columbia group found that Exxon scientists
first reported the threat of climate change to their business and our planet in
1977. Several other Exxon studies and reports reinforcing these findings followed
through the decades. The article gives some powerful quotes from these scientists,
that show they found and understood the threats, and passed them on to Exxon executives.
A 1982 internal report by Marvin Glaser specifically warned of the melting of
the Antarctic Ice Sheet in the twenty-first century.<br>
</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2016/11/exxonmobil-rockefellers-and-antarctic.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-24865627297137217042016-05-26T14:22:00.001-07:002016-05-27T09:07:14.214-07:00Mount Luyendyk, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu-nXiSaH1QG5P_ZQZTk0x5s2Lt8Q8TzpUDk9mI6GoH9xbapWSuMAjkWqSZkwsZ19VnGcdArOq5Mvqvk8IdbCIm9uUUgHNu4GOqqjAno3JW2UXMaFQ5_ull449UJTH3nWEBEtjUi2Lu0g/s1600/Mt+Luyendyk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu-nXiSaH1QG5P_ZQZTk0x5s2Lt8Q8TzpUDk9mI6GoH9xbapWSuMAjkWqSZkwsZ19VnGcdArOq5Mvqvk8IdbCIm9uUUgHNu4GOqqjAno3JW2UXMaFQ5_ull449UJTH3nWEBEtjUi2Lu0g/s320/Mt+Luyendyk.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mount Luyendyk. Photo © Christine Siddoway <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Faithful Followers. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have been absent for quite a while now working on revisions
to my book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">White Ocean. </i>One of the interesting
things that happened in the last year was the naming of a mountain in Antarctica
for me! What an honor! I owe it my my former student and now Professor Christine
Siddoway who nominated my name to the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Such a
warm feeling I have for a truly frigid place!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our team camped at the foot of Mount Luyendyk over Christmas
1989. At that time the mountain was named “1070” on a reconnaissance map. The
photo on this page was taken by Christine during a fly-in on a subsequent visit
in 2010.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our 1989 visit was notable for the dramatic scenery and stunning
weather - that didn’t last long. We were hit by a ferocious blizzard followed by
a whiteout that kept us tent-bound for several days.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here are details:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Geographic Names Information System<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">Mount Luyendyk</span></h2>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
76 29 20.63 S; 146 01 37.05 W<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1070 meters (approx.)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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“A summit, the northern portion of the Mount Iphigene massif
in the northwestern part of Fosdick Mountains of the Ford Ranges, 2.5 miles
south of Thompson Ridge between Marujupu Peak and Birchall Peaks. Named by Advisory
Committee on Antarctic Names of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names for Bruce P.
Luyendyk, professor (emeritus) at the University of California Santa Barbara
who has been active in international Antarctic research for 25 years. He was
responsible for two expeditions and was principal investigator for five marine
geophysical expeditions focusing on the Ross Sea area. His cumulative research,
findings, and publications have significantly increased scientific knowledge in
Antarctica.”<br />
<br />
A news release from UC Santa Barbara about Mt. Luyendyk is <a href="http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2016/016718/mountain-man?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=%0D%0ARead%20more&utm_campaign=April%2026%2C%202016" target="_blank">here</a>!<br />
<br /></div>
Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-41298001703662155832015-09-06T18:01:00.002-07:002017-01-08T14:30:32.904-08:00What is happening to Antarctic ice shelves and why should we care?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLkGjR40L2p3-xgeqyVfjubudfY-1ulLkTbUlBnrBgaZOPdQFoWHssirPdLbQnKUfal4Smr2ROyppjmVoViryi9oUTs2hRJXU-x0P2-oGgJGEugwAuccNyjOG-lcT_slnfK7EZrZF7fnw/s1600/Palmer%2526Ross_Ice_Shelf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Front of Ross Ice Shelf" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLkGjR40L2p3-xgeqyVfjubudfY-1ulLkTbUlBnrBgaZOPdQFoWHssirPdLbQnKUfal4Smr2ROyppjmVoViryi9oUTs2hRJXU-x0P2-oGgJGEugwAuccNyjOG-lcT_slnfK7EZrZF7fnw/s320/Palmer%2526Ross_Ice_Shelf.jpg" title="Front of Ross Ice Shelf" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">Front of Ross Ice Shelf from research icebreaker Palmer. <br>
Photo © Bruce Luyendyk</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Antarctic ice
shelves are thinning. What are ice shelves and are they important in any way? These
massive floating sheets of ice border over a third of the Antarctic coast. </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><br></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;">Ice
shelves are not frozen ocean. That is sea ice. In the simplest notion they are
floating glaciers and part of the cryosphere cycle in Antarctica and Greenland.
The largest Antarctic ice shelf is the Ross Ice Shelf, about the size of Texas
(or France) and formed by the merging of glaciers flowing off the Antarctic
continent. This shelf for example, is hundreds of meters thick (up to two
thousand feet or more) and floats over sea floor hundreds of meters deeper.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">This spring
<i>Science</i> magazine published a research study on the state of the Antarctic ice
shelves<sup>1</sup>. </span><br>
</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2015/09/what-is-happening-to-antarctic-ice.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-10551959895654707932015-02-17T14:32:00.001-08:002015-04-27T16:24:44.470-07:00Two Degrees Global Warming, Geoengineering, West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse!<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_y6m6QEAMsU01TdiWpmzWHrawm7fyZnXDfyptxJdoUowl7Sgxis7-VtHIj1V9ChEQY7ZrlImg_RAz3FfhmszzzAcq_yImiuyS8yUvXrwFj8ZxkbMzOf4jQLzlB_KC-YKuLZDND-YDhM/s1600/PIG_IceBridge_2014302.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_y6m6QEAMsU01TdiWpmzWHrawm7fyZnXDfyptxJdoUowl7Sgxis7-VtHIj1V9ChEQY7ZrlImg_RAz3FfhmszzzAcq_yImiuyS8yUvXrwFj8ZxkbMzOf4jQLzlB_KC-YKuLZDND-YDhM/s1600/PIG_IceBridge_2014302.jpg" height="213" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">A break in the clouds on October 29, 2014, allowed scientists <br>the opportunity to fly over Pine Island Glacier—one of Antarctica’s <br>most rapidly changing areas. The flight was part of NASA’s</span><span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br></span></span><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/news/fall14/index.html#.VFpJ3L64k19" style="color: #006699; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Operation IceBridge</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">, a mission that makes annual surveys</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"><br></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> of Greenland and Antarctica with instrumented research aircraft.<br>Photo Michael Studinger</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">Is Earth headed towards warming of two
degrees Celsius this century? If yes, can it be reversed? Should it be? How
would it be done? </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two recent publications offer some startling insights. The
first by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_stick_controversy)" target="_blank">hockey-stick author</a> Michael Mann estimates when the Earth can be expected to reach a level of 2°C warming
(3.5°F) of the atmosphere.
The answer it seems is very soon. Mann assumes business as usual in carbon emissions,
which are increasing in amount every year, and the effect of the carbon dioxide
(CO2) already in the atmosphere. These numbers are easy to come by, but he has
to come up with a climate sensitivity model to translate the increase of CO2 in
the atmosphere into warming. He determines that an equilibrium climate
sensitivity about midway between estimates of the <a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank">IPCC</a> best-fit recent climate data.
From this he projects forward and estimates t<a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/" target="_blank">he year Earth’s atmosphere reaches 2°C warming is <b>2036</b></a>, twenty-one years
from now. This is much sooner than estimates by the IPCC.<br>
</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2015/02/two-degrees-global-warming.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-63089102199478823962014-11-08T12:52:00.005-08:002014-12-27T10:50:12.807-08:00DoD, IPCC, GOP – all spell out trouble<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2nLE3xiZXgAVfkxdSlpKiDEg9LpXt408BCp_KHddE6qjWWCQiddZTUPLif2fb14htaay4li8D6Omv0LATFoDPK9LXG9uw4lP3zSa4vUIMyIOJ_tkV1NhcE7oFDltamlxO2xlLUrdeHuI/s1600/Iceberg+from+Palmer+0301.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2nLE3xiZXgAVfkxdSlpKiDEg9LpXt408BCp_KHddE6qjWWCQiddZTUPLif2fb14htaay4li8D6Omv0LATFoDPK9LXG9uw4lP3zSa4vUIMyIOJ_tkV1NhcE7oFDltamlxO2xlLUrdeHuI/s1600/Iceberg+from+Palmer+0301.jpg" height="240" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
Iceberg in Ross Sea, Antarctica seen from bridge of </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
icebreaker N.B. Palmer. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Over the last two weeks significant news
has occurred on the Climate Change front. First was the report from the U.S. Department
of Defense (DoD) on the security threat posed by Climate Change, second was the
Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), and last was the takeover of the U.S. Senate by the Republican party (GOP).</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The <a href="http://bit.ly/DoDClimateRoadmap" target="_blank"><b>DoD report</b></a> analyses
the U.S. military’s place in combating and adapting to climate change. The U.S.
has over 7000 bases around the globe all of which need to deal with Climate
Change. Defense Secretary Hagel, who as senator once signed a resolution
labeling Climate Change as more or less baloney, has come around. “… we will integrate
Climate Change considerations into our planning, operations and training,” he
told an audience recently.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The IPCC report follows on its last one in
2007 (AR4). (For a brief note on what, who the IPCC is go here <b><a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/press/141027%20SYR%20opening%20press%20release.pdf" target="_blank">IPCC</a></b> .)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">What has changed since the AR4 is that the
situation has worsened and the time to address Climate Change has shortened. </span><br>
</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/11/dod-ipcc-gop-all-spell-out-trouble.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-72649715605881037222014-10-05T14:01:00.001-07:002018-03-15T14:26:57.073-07:00Antarctic Snow School, German style<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">Excerpt from Chapter 11. </span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifGPF84CMu83tTkTwMfcwLnUqa2nL0PziiA5kc9szz2HI-7WQz-2zMvUv6-q4iKPHNW9-tNmvEY0Yt4hOXj2wpZFd_YNfIyg0idsYivMC-lV-VSPKWjIzaC9ezZgtBAnxncyGtZNR-WFY/s1600/Snow+Scoop+Mt.+Cook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifGPF84CMu83tTkTwMfcwLnUqa2nL0PziiA5kc9szz2HI-7WQz-2zMvUv6-q4iKPHNW9-tNmvEY0Yt4hOXj2wpZFd_YNfIyg0idsYivMC-lV-VSPKWjIzaC9ezZgtBAnxncyGtZNR-WFY/s1600/Snow+Scoop+Mt.+Cook.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
GANOVEX VII team practices crevasse rescue at </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Photo © Bruce Luyendyk </div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;">[Scene. Bruce and
Christine are part of a German Antarctic expedition. Before departure for the
Antarctic the GANOVEX expedition trained for snow and ice safety at Mount Cook
National Park in New Zealand.]</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">“Tomorrow they’re goin’ to fly us up to the
peaks to practice crevasse rescues.” Chris said she had heard their plan. Early
next morning helicopters took us up to a broad snowfield perched in the highest
peaks of the park. It was summer in New Zealand but sunny winter up there. The
experience to fly up the faces of the cliffs to the peaks can’t be imagined –
the vertical relief must have been near a mile. The pale blue glacial waters of
Lake Pukaki lay below us as we ascended above the tree line, flew by the gray
rock above and below – a magical elevator ride where at the top floor we landed
in a brilliant white snow plateau settled between black sawtooth peaks under a
clear deep blue sky.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-prop-change: "Bruce Luyendyk" 20130521T1011;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bradley was our instructor, a middle-aged man like me, Kiwi,
soft-spoken, grayed, weathered. He pointed to a snow canyon at the base of a
peak about 500 yards away from our group. “That snow scoop over there is more
than fifteen stories deep, has a nice vertical cliff edge - we’ll practice
crevasse rescues there,” he said. We walked across the snow over to the canyon
- a deep chasm in the snow carved by incessant winds that rebounded off the
peak next to it. The scoop, a couple of hundred yards across, semi-circled the
peak, as a part moat - I could see its walls left and right of where I stood.
They extended down for almost two hundred feet. My stomach turned over. I
looked at Chris as to say “Holy shit. Is he kidding?” but I didn’t, because he
wasn’t. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Bradley explained. “Three people will
tie-in on a rope, walk in a line towards the edge. The lead person jumps off
the cliff and the other two drop to the snow, arrest the fall, then pull the
man out with a Z-Pulley<sup><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span></sup> rescue setup. Monty and I will show you how
to rig it.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">We had done this in McMurdo Survival School
a couple of years ago, but not over a canyon, nothing like this. I looked
around at my classmates. Most had experience, not all of them looked in top
physical shape. We had a few former East Germans with us, no Antarctic
expeditions on their résumé. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">My turn, I tied–in at the lead of the rope, two burly Germans
tied-in behind me about fifty and a hundred feet back. Had they done this
before? I walked to the edge, didn’t look down and jumped off. I fell, hit the
snow wall, and bounced. The rope stretched. I jerked to a stop about forty feet
down. The Germans caught my fall. I looked up to see Bradley at the cliff edge
- pieces of snow I had knocked loose fell past me. I gave thumbs up, acted like
I was cool. He acknowledged then helped the two guys on the rope above me rig
the Z-Pulley. I waited at the end of the rope. Then I felt heave stop, heave
stop, and repeat. They dragged me up to the edge. I was pulled over the lip and
out. I thought, that was fun, but did I need to have the crap scared out of me?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-43454382608677963772014-09-17T10:21:00.000-07:002014-11-08T13:10:26.500-08:00Antarctica, Sea Level and Santa Barbara<h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Ml7KM5OqHgQgJvAsJUo3gQDaBuend9qomrkn_EbiGzCpd_ozx0c05gsw77jHpfpYWxB3yLWJGdHJHwQ8uu16n5FhblHWRNtf_q4Zeq7dDcgfogV9JrgZMY7ztVVVKWa8cJjl21RqTc8/s1600/UCSB+aerial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Ml7KM5OqHgQgJvAsJUo3gQDaBuend9qomrkn_EbiGzCpd_ozx0c05gsw77jHpfpYWxB3yLWJGdHJHwQ8uu16n5FhblHWRNtf_q4Zeq7dDcgfogV9JrgZMY7ztVVVKWa8cJjl21RqTc8/s1600/UCSB+aerial.jpg" height="207" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">UC Santa Barbara sits atop a marine terrace bounded by sea cliffs 40 to 50 feet high. <br>
Santa Barbara Airport is in the background. Photo © UCSB Photo Services.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In prior posts (<a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/06/antarctica-problem-child-of-future-sea.html" target="_blank">June 9</a>; <a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/05/antarctic-ice-sheets-fuse-has-been-lit.html" target="_blank">May 20</a>) I presented some
of the factors of predicted global sea level rise and Antarctica’s role in it.
If a reader were to accept the sea level rise projections of the IPCC and other
scientific authorities, they might ask, “What will be the impact on me and my
family, and what can be done about this?”</span></h2>
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</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/09/antarctica-sea-level-and-santa-barbara.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-59196031574428105812014-08-02T13:09:00.000-07:002014-08-24T16:22:51.418-07:00Antarctic sea ice cover is increasing. Is Global Warming over?<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlpS4TScK9xZVaZpt4DtG-zKqhx-qFoCooj4OqpukQUh45aHl3Z4Yncl3604lCmI_0rxGjpv9FA6mNIKtUd0Sxg_VHYVUxxkO2Ecdh-uG9bUT2Vuf7Xt5EgDk84EhB4ZUthyphenhyphenwZn1c-CI/s1600/sea+ice+Ross+Sea+1996.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="sea ice Ross Sea. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlpS4TScK9xZVaZpt4DtG-zKqhx-qFoCooj4OqpukQUh45aHl3Z4Yncl3604lCmI_0rxGjpv9FA6mNIKtUd0Sxg_VHYVUxxkO2Ecdh-uG9bUT2Vuf7Xt5EgDk84EhB4ZUthyphenhyphenwZn1c-CI/s1600/sea+ice+Ross+Sea+1996.jpg" height="227" title="sea ice Ross Sea Antarctica" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">Sea ice, Ross Sea, Antarctica, 1996. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Recent news items have drawn attention to Antarctic
sea ice, the floating ice a meter or so thick that forms from freezing of the
oceans surrounding Antarctica. Sea ice coverage is seasonal, more in the
austral winter (June-September) and less in the summer (December-March), a
difference of six-fold. A way to think of the scale is that the maximum extent
of the sea ice about doubles the area of ice (land and sea) at the bottom of
our planet. The story is that a glitch has been discovered in the estimate of
the rate of change (change year over year) in the area of sea ice around Antarctica<sup>1,<a href="http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/22/researchers-question-expansion-of-antarcticas-fringe-of-sea-ice/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0" target="_blank">2</a></sup>.</span></span></h2>
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<span lang="EN-US">Underlying the news of the glitch is the prior
observation that the amount of sea ice has been increasing year over year. This
is opposite the observation for the Arctic Ocean where famously, sea ice area has
been shrinking year over year<sup>3</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">First about the glitch; this is due to a difference
in the methods used in computing Antarctic sea ice cover from satellite imagery.
The method was changed in 1991. </span><br>
</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/08/antarctic-sea-ice-cover-is-increasing.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-2373936874634070292014-06-21T18:33:00.000-07:002014-07-14T19:02:22.673-07:00Antarctica, the Ozone Hole, and Global Warming<br>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgukB-QMQvcDtxvSjegfpG-3SlGq3bO3rmRqI4kKz0FIqKrOWgqXRSwKPxG5e-VTfxZ1QhaeSuOOE-YU8MYy-8FtyffGQI0OdCf2f2BWfzOgo41F4oQzcTl5o0N5cxZe0ZhOJxHbUINLv8/s1600/Mt_Erebus+from+above.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgukB-QMQvcDtxvSjegfpG-3SlGq3bO3rmRqI4kKz0FIqKrOWgqXRSwKPxG5e-VTfxZ1QhaeSuOOE-YU8MYy-8FtyffGQI0OdCf2f2BWfzOgo41F4oQzcTl5o0N5cxZe0ZhOJxHbUINLv8/s1600/Mt_Erebus+from+above.jpg" height="240" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica from above the clouds. <br>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Photo © Bruce Luyendyk</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Are Global Warming and the Antarctic Ozone Hole related?
Yes. Before I explain that, some basic facts. </span></h2>
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<br></div>
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We live in the lower part of the
atmosphere called the troposphere where Global Warming is taking place. Above
the troposphere is the stratosphere where the ozone hole develops over Antarctica
in Southern Hemisphere Spring. Most of us have been near the top of the troposphere
– that is where transcontinental jet aircraft fly – about 11 kilometers up
(35,000 feet). Another fact – ozone (a molecule of three oxygen atoms - O<sub>3</sub>)
in the stratosphere is good. It shields us from the Sun’s damaging ultraviolet
radiation that causes skin cancer. Ozone in the troposphere where we live is
bad – a health hazard and greenhouse gas. It is generated there by industrial
activity.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br></div>
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So what’s happening and what’s the connection?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br>
</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/06/antarctica-ozone-hole-and-global-warming.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-27426820165602043942014-06-09T18:19:00.001-07:002014-06-18T18:10:54.634-07:00Antarctica: The Problem Child of future sea level change in this century<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjASC1Mwq2VJqcvFR1OZ_2zziT6M8_-PI5gCkCb7-ifUKD5qc38pXmo-2o-vR-0a6hsezBIGdsTN4pE7DD7zRBfJH5Nx3Fl812MuHJ0RlAMrDTS1U7b1VqPwgHy1ItakPH7mt3RPyE6OBY/s1600/Iceberg+Ross+Sea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="icebergs in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjASC1Mwq2VJqcvFR1OZ_2zziT6M8_-PI5gCkCb7-ifUKD5qc38pXmo-2o-vR-0a6hsezBIGdsTN4pE7DD7zRBfJH5Nx3Fl812MuHJ0RlAMrDTS1U7b1VqPwgHy1ItakPH7mt3RPyE6OBY/s1600/Iceberg+Ross+Sea.jpg" height="227" title="icebergs in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Iceberg Ross Sea, Antarctica. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">A few weeks ago I posted about discoveries that showed dynamic
collapse of marine-based parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is underway (<a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/05/antarctic-ice-sheets-fuse-has-been-lit.html" target="_blank">May 20, 2014</a>). What I want to explore now is the current thinking of scientists on
the role of Antarctica in sea level change this century.</span></span></h2>
</div>
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<br>
It will come as no surprise that sea level is projected to
rise from the influence of global warming. This is discussed in both the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 report (<a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank">Assessment Report Five 2013</a>) and the
<a href="http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/" target="_blank">2014 National Climate Assessment</a>. What do these reports say about sea level
change and Antarctica’s role – and do the reports address the dynamic collapse scenarios
revealed by studies published in the last few months?<br>
</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/06/antarctica-problem-child-of-future-sea.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-35900901685980196802014-05-20T10:49:00.001-07:002014-06-18T18:14:37.458-07:00Antarctic Ice Sheets – the fuse has been lit.<div class="MsoNormal">
<br></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMmjNEFadOU1v-qSehWbnCu8GYW7H035wJzujrsNcrAUo-yjHX7LIk0gvLlX7KDjVSjd2yIV9qBhmPWVCRz8jfZUkuvH9ImEi3P6Q94M9hvBWUgYEO_irhq7Udh3fZav5CuyDnQluNixA/s1600/Blue+ice+Balchen+Glacier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="snowmobile and sledge cross blue ice on Balchen Glacier, Marie Byrd Land. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMmjNEFadOU1v-qSehWbnCu8GYW7H035wJzujrsNcrAUo-yjHX7LIk0gvLlX7KDjVSjd2yIV9qBhmPWVCRz8jfZUkuvH9ImEi3P6Q94M9hvBWUgYEO_irhq7Udh3fZav5CuyDnQluNixA/s1600/Blue+ice+Balchen+Glacier.jpg" height="220" title="Balchen Glacier, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
Snowmobile party crossing blue ice of Balchen Glacier, </div>
Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<h2>
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Have the Antarctic Ice Sheets reached the Point of No
Return? My last entry was an excerpt from my memoir about flying past the Point
of No Return (AKA Point of Safe Return) in route from Christchurch to McMurdo
Station, Antarctica. This entry is about an entirely different PNR, that where
the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is lost.</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two research studies published in the last few weeks have
confirmed what has been feared; the PNR for stability of the ice sheet has been
passed.<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br></div>
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The WAIS covers the subcontinent of West Antarctica in
thousands of feet of ice.<br>
About the area of Mexico, if the WAIS melted entirely
sea level would rise an average three meters around the world (ten feet). <br>
</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/05/antarctic-ice-sheets-fuse-has-been-lit.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-72620682485369263532014-05-05T08:11:00.002-07:002014-06-18T18:15:29.219-07:00Big Dead Place - The Man Who Loved Antarctica<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Reprinted here is my Amazon review of this book…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Big
Dead Place: Inside the Strange and Menacing World of Antarctica<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">by Nicholas Johnson</span></div>
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<br></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5RjtJDBCnbbpZwOUl5xdnTKLSG2KX63DCtI8KZVkMbF1XLBIfbNgO4nQFmvesG5ap9zu2q2kfI9Awym1SIhS34mpJxN2W89UC5DM7fl0_B9xXTMiJEODOL0liqInTfTHhPdQByPcbMo/s1600/snowmobiles_at_Birchall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Photo of Birchall Peaks taken from Maigetter Peak, Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5RjtJDBCnbbpZwOUl5xdnTKLSG2KX63DCtI8KZVkMbF1XLBIfbNgO4nQFmvesG5ap9zu2q2kfI9Awym1SIhS34mpJxN2W89UC5DM7fl0_B9xXTMiJEODOL0liqInTfTHhPdQByPcbMo/s1600/snowmobiles_at_Birchall.jpg" height="221" title="Photo of Birchall Peaks taken from Maigetter Peak, Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land. Photo © Bruce Luyendyk" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Snowmobiles in the Birchall Peaks, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica.<br>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Photo © Bruce Luyendyk </div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Although <i>Big Dead Place</i> was published over nine years ago
it has remained in the spotlight.</span></h2>
<br>
HBO planned a miniseries based on the book.
The actor James Gandolfini pushed the project as a producer and was expected to
star in it. Peter Gould of Breaking Bad was to do the screenplay. Gandolfini
died in June 2013. Ironically, Johnson committed suicide in late 2012. Whether
the project goes forward or not remains to be seen. Nevertheless, the book
remains a first in memoirs of Antarctic experiences in its unflinching,
no-holds-barred exposé of what it means to work in Antarctica as an underling
to the institutional mission - which is to stake a virtual claim of Antarctica
for the U.S.<br>
</div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/05/big-dead-place-man-who-loved-antarctica.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-63325864059737917492014-04-21T10:17:00.001-07:002014-06-18T18:08:50.920-07:00AAAS; What We Know – about Climate Change, Antarctica<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinTL4D-pbArqI9H_DqP7VkR9PGaYfwBUpKZnbiX5I_TxNE4sBNafQJMymyR-x7iVaQHZ9fmGS_jGFeD1TeyCXV8_hkUxuBD0YpUZALt_gTkrNS5Wbr75yE8KzzA2uH3oQTUgpHwOiVc0s/s1600/Terra_Nova_Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinTL4D-pbArqI9H_DqP7VkR9PGaYfwBUpKZnbiX5I_TxNE4sBNafQJMymyR-x7iVaQHZ9fmGS_jGFeD1TeyCXV8_hkUxuBD0YpUZALt_gTkrNS5Wbr75yE8KzzA2uH3oQTUgpHwOiVc0s/s1600/Terra_Nova_Bay.jpg" height="222" title="Antartica, Northern Victoria Land, Terra Nova Bay, Bruce Luyendyk" width="320"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Terra Nova Bay, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Photo <span style="font-family: Cambria;">© </span>B. Luyendyk</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The AAAS (American Association for the Advancement
of Science) recently issued a web page and a short booklet (<a href="http://whatweknow.aaas.org/"><span style="color: #0000e9;">http://whatweknow.aaas.org</span></a>
) addressing issues revealed in the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Changes) over the past few months. One of the main goals of
their statement is to address the misunderstanding among the general public
that there is significant debate in the Climate Science community about the
basic tenets of Climate Change. This is not true. The debate that is occurring
surrounds science questions on processes and predictions among other topics,
not that Climate Change is happening, is a significant threat and that humans
are causing it.</span><br>
</div></div><a href="http://bruceluyendyk.blogspot.com/2014/04/aaas-what-we-know-about-climate-change.html#more">Read more »</a>Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-10800985467096154822014-04-19T11:46:00.001-07:002014-04-19T11:46:23.432-07:00FORCE Team explores Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpJeXegpKewhssSSesg_m91qo39MQ57xP27EF-iYhWsqU1bbh2CwnMijF-DMLwz5_mNdUPkJh2BmbCf2y51BdwVaTQhjJupHA017EbGIaInj66n2Iv5ohym-aXih_jXoWT8zfwXl5zVVc/s1600/Hercules_Put-In_Marie_Byrd_Land.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpJeXegpKewhssSSesg_m91qo39MQ57xP27EF-iYhWsqU1bbh2CwnMijF-DMLwz5_mNdUPkJh2BmbCf2y51BdwVaTQhjJupHA017EbGIaInj66n2Iv5ohym-aXih_jXoWT8zfwXl5zVVc/s1600/Hercules_Put-In_Marie_Byrd_Land.jpg" height="219" title="FORCE team, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, Ford Ranges, VXE-6 Hercules " width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hercules from VXE-6 unloads FORCE team, Marie Byrd Land, <br /><div style="text-align: left;">
Antarctica, December 1989. Photo <span style="font-family: Cambria; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">© B. Luyendyk</span></span></div>
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Our work focused in on the Fosdick, Phillips and Chester
Mountains in the northern Ford Ranges. Earlier geological parties had visited
some locations we worked in before but many had not. We were the first to stand
on many of the outcrops. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Our main focus of work was in the metamorphic massif of the
Fosdick Mountains named after Admiral Byrd’s good friend Raymond Fosdick. Sledge
parties from Byrd’s expeditions reached these mountains in 1934 and 1941. Geological
parties explored the surrounding mountains in 1966 through 1969. New Zealand
geologists visited various portions of western MBL in 1978-79 and 1987-88. The
western regions of MBL including the Ford Ranges are vast, comparable to
southern California in area but not climate! Because of the size of the region the
earlier explorations were of a reconnaissance nature. </div>
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Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-83792952302754325892014-04-04T13:14:00.000-07:002014-04-18T11:09:15.720-07:00The FORCE Expeditions (Ford Ranges Crustal Exploration) 1989-90, 1990-91<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tucker, Steve, Cain, Dave, Bruce and Christine, Put-In day to Ford Ranges. <br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Photo <span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">©</span> Bruce Luyendyk </div>
</td></tr>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">White Ocean of Ice </i>deals
with investigation of plate tectonic history in the Southwestern Pacific. Our
team of geologists sought out information on the separation of the New Zealand
subcontinent on the Pacific Plate from the main continent of Antarctica – the Antarctic
Plate. The result of that separation created the modern South Pacific Ocean
basin. </div>
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We knew from oceanographic studies that this sea floor had formed
since about 80 million years ago but we did not know how and when that process
started and led to the drifting of New Zealand away from West Antarctica. Research
in New Zealand by members of our team and many others revealed some facts, but
did they match observations is Antarctica? Those were few and difficult to make.
We decided to go to Antarctica to find answers to these questions. The U.S. National
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Our work focused in the Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land in
West Antarctica, a location that was believed once joined with New Zealand. We learned
from several lines of evidence that the whole process of plate breakup brewed
for more than twenty million years. It began close to 105 million years ago before
separation took off. </div>
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We also studied a very special variety of metamorphic rocks (rocks
transformed by intense heat and pressure) in the Fosdick Mountains of the Ford
Ranges. We found that these rocks had been exhumed from many miles deep in the
Antarctic crust as the plate breakup process got underway. This was a result of
stretching between the plates. Upper levels of crust thinned and allowed the lower
levels to rise up and create the mountains. Research in this mountain range continues
today by geologists at Colorado College. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-65415831677975115402014-03-29T13:36:00.000-07:002014-04-18T11:08:32.578-07:00White Ocean, Richard Byrd and the Ford Ranges<div style="text-align: left;">
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Richard E. Byrd first explored Marie Byrd Land (MBL) in West
Antarctica in the early part of the Twentieth Century in three expeditions.
Byrd’s expeditions were the first to discover regions east of the Ross Ice Shelf
visited by Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott. Based from Little America near the
Bay of Whales on the eastern front of the Ross Ice Shelf, near where Amundsen
had set up his base Framheim, Byrd and his crew first sighted the vast interior
of parts of the subcontinent of West Antarctica on exploratory flights in 1929.
He named this region Marie Byrd Land after his wife. Many other geographical
features of MBL were explored by air and by dog sledge parties over the three
Byrd expeditions. Significant geographic features he named after his friends
and sponsors. The Ford Ranges recognize Edsel Ford of that famous family, one
of the prime financial backers of his expeditions. </div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">White Ocean of Ice</i>
is focused on my visits to the western portion of MBL and the Ford Ranges and
Edward VII Peninsula during 1989-90, 1990-91 and 1992-93. The geologic expeditions
to the Ford Ranges took place eight hundred miles from McMurdo Station, the
main U.S. base. Our team of six explored the northern portions of the Ford
Ranges by snowmobile and sledge, living in tents. These types of expeditions
have special names within the Antarctic experience - Deep Field, or Remote
Field - that means well beyond helicopter range, support and rapid rescue from
the main base - we were alone and always in survival mode. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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My memoir is a window into a special style of science investigation
in Antarctica, and how it affected me, even to this day. My book conveys the
experience of finding myself in a unique place of unfamiliar extremes and
uncertain challenges. It is a story of the discovery of Earth’s secrets and of
my own.</div>
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For more about Marie Byrd Land click here <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land</a></div>
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Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-48744474243124924282014-03-25T18:54:00.000-07:002014-05-02T10:56:58.977-07:00Antarctic Ice Sheet - growing or shrinking?Posted by SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h2 style="font-family: Helvetica;">
"What will Antarctica and the Southern Ocean look like in 2065?"</h2>
<h3 style="font-family: Helvetica;">
The 1<sup>st</sup> Martha T. Muse Fellows Colloquium; 22 April 2014; Queenstown, New Zealand</h3>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px;">
"Many forecasters and futurists tell us that in 2065:</div>
<ul style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px;">
<li>the world's human population will be 8.5 billion,</li>
<li>atmospheric CO2 levels will exceed 650 ppm under a business as usual scenario,</li>
<li>the Arctic ocean will be ice free in August and September,</li>
<li>average global temperature will 4°C warmer than in 2000,</li>
<li>ocean pH will be less than 8.2, and</li>
<li>sea level will be ~26 cm higher than in 1990.</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px;">
What will these dramatic changes to Planet Earth mean for the world's last great wilderness and a bellwether of global change – Antarctica and the Southern Ocean? To speculate about this future world and the ramifications for human societies, the "1<sup>st</sup> Martha T. Muse Colloquium" will convene a panel of the Martha Muse Prize awardees and guests to address the topic "<em>Beyond the Horizon – Antarctica and the Southern Ocean 2065</em>" in Queenstown, New Zealand on Tuesday, April 22, 2014."</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
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<![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Cambria;">© Bruce Luyendyk</span></span><!--EndFragment--></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We now know from at least four lines of evidence that the greatest ice sheet on Earth is shrinking under the assault of global warming.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Where is the political will to act?</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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</blockquote>
Bruce Luyendykhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08411174253047725077noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2735509212261131949.post-43614012089601148202014-03-15T11:37:00.000-07:002014-04-19T12:39:53.893-07:00A Memoir of Exploration in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<br />
My first post in my first blog.<br />
This quotation explains why I am writing a memoir of my first expedition to Antarctica:<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6kko5d16PeaMlPRvLRyO6XdjIYoQpPMMHUirgQpct94fgiTAzKTlhUh8r8huzzKsSyhOMfQykh3RllpBcfmCZI5OqoAjqFCVl7j6JQ6OZX8w0uAZCrkP2qKmuL0ADHZ9ODhbB0QkZyMI/s1600/BPLXmasDayFDM89_WM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6kko5d16PeaMlPRvLRyO6XdjIYoQpPMMHUirgQpct94fgiTAzKTlhUh8r8huzzKsSyhOMfQykh3RllpBcfmCZI5OqoAjqFCVl7j6JQ6OZX8w0uAZCrkP2qKmuL0ADHZ9ODhbB0QkZyMI/s1600/BPLXmasDayFDM89_WM.jpg" height="198" title="FORCE team on Birchall Peaks, Fosdick Mountains, Marie Byrd Land" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Steve, Christine, Bruce, Dave; Marie Byrd Land. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">photo <span style="font-family: Cambria;">© Steve Tucker</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cfe2f3;">“We have two or three moving experiences in our
lives – experiences so great and moving that it doesn’t seem at the time that
anyone else has been so caught up and pounded and dazzled and astonished and
beaten and broken and rescued and illuminated and rewarded and humbled in just
that way before.” <i>F. Scott Fitzgerald</i></span></blockquote>
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